Micetismos: Parte 4: Síndromes tempranos con síntomas complejos / Mushroom poisonings. Part 4: early-onset syndromes with complex symptoms / Intoxicações por cogumelos. Parte 4: Síndromes precoces com sintomas complexos

En esta Parte 4 de la serie de cuatro artículos sobre micetismos se analizan los síndromes que se caracterizan por presentar un período de latencia muy corto, con la aparición de síntomas complejos en menos de 6 horas después de la ingestión de los macromicetos. Se discuten los siguientes micetismos: 1) Toxíndrome muscarínico o colinérgico periférico por especies de Inocybe y Clitocybe. 2) Toxíndrome inmunohemolítico o hemolítico por Paxillus. 3) Toxíndrome neumónico alérgico por Lycoperdon perlatum y por Pholiota nameko. 4) Toxíndrome panterínico o neurotóxico glutaminérgico por compuestos isoxazólicos o síndrome pantherina/muscaria. 5) Toxíndrome coprínico o cardiovascular. 6) Toxíndrome neurotóxico alucinogénico por psilocibina y derivados indólicos. 7) Toxíndrome psicotrópico por estirilpironas y gimnopilinas de Gymnopilus spectabilis o G. junonius. 8) Toxíndrome agudo de rabdomiólisis por Russula subnigricans. 9) Toxíndrome cianogénico por Marasmius oreades. 10) Toxíndrome inmunosupresor por tricotecenos macrocíclicos de Podostroma cornu-damae. 11) Toxíndrome hemolítico debido a ostreolisina de Pleurotus ostreatus y especies relacionadas. Se analizan los síntomas, las toxinas involucradas, los mecanismos de acción, cuando se conocen, y las especies causantes de los micetismos.

This Part 4 of the series of four articles on mushroom poisonings refers to early-onset syndromes, which are characterized by a very short latency period, and the appearance of complex symptoms in less than 6 hours after mushroom ingestion. The following mycetisms are discussed, (1) Peripheral cholinergic, or muscarinic syndrome due to Inocybe and Clitocybe species. (2) Immunohaemolytic or haemolytic syndrome by Paxillus. (3) Allergic pneumonic syndrome due to Lycoperdon perlatum, and Pholiota nameko. (4) Glutaminergic neurotoxic, or pantherinic syndrome by isoxazole compounds or pantherina/muscaria syndrome. (5) Coprinic or cardiovascular syndrome. (6) Hallucinogenic neurotoxic syndrome due to psilocybin and indole derivatives. (7) Psychotropic syndrome by styrylpirones and gymnopilins of Gymnopilus spectabilis or G. junonius. (8) Rhabdomyolysis acute syndrome due to Russula subnigricans. (9) Cyanogenic syndrome by Marasmius oreades. (10) Immunosuppressive syndrome by macrocyclic trichothecenes of Podostroma cornu-damae. (11) Haemolytic syndrome due to ostreolisine of Pleurotus ostreatus, and related species. The symptoms, toxins involved, mechanisms of action, when known, and the species of mushrooms responsible for the mycetisms are analyzed.

Nesta parte 4 da série de quatro artigos sobre intoxicação por cogumelos são analisadas síndromes que se caracterizam por apresentar um período de latência muito breve, com aparecimento de sintomas complexos em menos de 6 horas após a ingestão dos macromicetos. As seguintes intoxicações com cogumelos são discutidas: (1) Toxíndrome muscarínico ou colinérgico periférico por espécies de Inocybe e Clitocybe. (2) Toxíndrome imuno-hemolítica ou hemolítica por Paxillus. (3) Toxíndrome pneumônica alérgica por Lycoperdon perlatum e por Pholiota nameko. (4) Toxíndrome panterínica ou neurotóxica glutaminérgica por compostos isoxazólicos ou síndrome pantherina/muscaria. (5) Toxíndrome coprínica ou cardiovascular (6) Toxíndrome neurotóxico-alucinogênica por psilocibina e derivados indólicos. (7) Toxíndrome psicotrópica por estirilpironas e gimnopilinas de Gymnopilus spectabilis ou G. junonius. (8) Toxíndrome aguda de rabdomiólise por Russula subnigricans. (9) Toxíndrome cianogênica por Marasmius oreades. (10) Toxíndrome imunossupressora por tricotecenos macrocíclicos de Podostroma cornu-damae. (11) Síndrome hemolítica por ostreolisina de Pleurotus ostreatus e espécies relacionadas. São analisados os sintomas, as toxinas envolvidas, os mecanismos de ação, quando conhecidos, e as espécies de cogumelos responsáveis pelas intoxicações.

Micetismos: Parte 3: Síndromes tempranos gastrointestinales / Mycetisms Part 3: Early Gastrointestinal Syndromes

En esta Parte 3 de la serie de cuatro artículos sobre micetismos se analizan los síndromes tempranos con síntomas gastrointestinales que se caracterizan por presentar un período de latencia muy corto, de menos de 6 horas después de la ingestión de los macromicetos. Los restantes síndromes tempranos con sintomatología compleja serán tratados en la Parte 4 de la serie. Actualmente se conocen más de 200 especies responsables de síndromes gastrointestinales, pero en este trabajo se abordarán solamente diez ejemplos que involucran los géneros Boletus [Boletus satanas (o Rubroboletus satanas) y Boletus venenatus (o Neoboletus venenata)], Hypholoma, Agaricus (Agaricus xanthodermus), Omphalotus, Lactarius, Russula, Entoloma, Chlorophyllum (Chlorophyllum molybdetes) y Leucoprinus (Leucoprinus birnbaumii). Las toxinas involucradas en estos casos presentan gran variedad estructural, desde proteínas hasta terpenoides, en particular sesquiterpenoides y triterpenoides, vinilglicina, fenol y azocompuestos, pero todas generan la misma sintomatología. Estas sustancias y otros componentes químicos de los hongos suelen ser indigestos, con una susceptibilidad variable entre los consumidores. El tratamiento es de apoyo y es estrictamente para esos casos con cuadros más graves de deshidratación. Normalmente, los casos evolucionan favorablemente después de 12 a 48 horas. Se analizan los síntomas, las toxinas involucradas, los mecanismos de acción, cuando se conocen y las especies causantes de los micetismos.

This part 3 of the series of four articles on mushroom poisoning refers to early-onset gastrointestinal syndromes, which are characterized by a very short latency period of less than 6 hours after mushroom ingestion. The remaining early-onset syndromes with complex symptoms will be treated in Part 4 of the series. Currently, more than 200 species responsible for gastrointestinal syndromes are known, but in this paper only ten examples will be addressed involving the genera Boletus [e.g., Boletus satanas (or Rubroboletus satanas), and Boletus venenatus (or Neoboletus venenata)], Hypholoma, Agaricus (e.g., Agaricus xanthodermus), Omphalotus, Lactarius, Russula, Entoloma, Chlorophyllum (e.g., Chlorophyllum molybdetes), and Leucoprinus (e.g., Leucoprinus birnbaumii). The toxins involved in these cases have a great structural variety, from proteins to terpenoids, in particular sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids, vinylglycine, phenol, and azocompounds, but all show the same symptoms. These substances and other mushroom chemical constituents are usually indigestible, with varying consumer susceptibility. The treatment is supportive and is strictly for those cases with more severe dehydration. Usually, the cases progress favourably after 12 to 48 hours.The symptoms, toxins involved, mechanisms of action when known, and the species of mushrooms responsible for the mycetisms are analysed.

Nesta parte 3 da série de quatro artigos sobre intoxicação por cogumelos são analisadas as síndromes precoces com sintomas gastrointestinais que se caracterizam por apresentar um período de latência muito curto, de menos de 6 horas, após a ingestão de cogumelos. As síndromes precoces restantes com sintomatologia complexa serão tratadas na Parte 4 da série. Atualmente, são conhecidas mais de 200 espécies responsáveis por síndromes gastrointestinais, mas neste trabalho serão abordados apenas dez exemplos que envolvem os gêneros Boletus [Boletus satanas (ou Rubroboletus satanas) e Boletus venenatus (ou Neoboletus venenata)], Hypholoma, Agaricus (Agaricus xanthodermus), Omphalotus, Lactarius, Russula, Entoloma, Chlorophyllum (Chlorophyllum molybdetes) e Leucoprinus (Leucoprinus birnbaumii). As toxinas envolvidas nestes casos têm uma grande variedade estrutural, desde proteínas até terpenóides, em particular sesquiterpenóides e triterpenóides, vinilglicina, fenol e azo compostos, mas todas apresentam a mesma sintomatologia. Essas substâncias e outros constituintes químicos dos cogumelos costumam ser indigestos, com uma suscetibilidade variável entre aqueles que os consomem. O tratamento é de suporte e é rigorosamente para esses casos com quadros mais graves de desidratação. Normalmente, os casos evoluem favoravelmente após 12 a 48 horas. São analisados os sintomas, as toxinas envolvidas, os mecanismos de ação, quando conhecidos, e as espécies de cogumelos responsáveis pelas intoxicações.

Molecular Identification of Mycorrhizae of Cymbidium kanran (Orchidaceae) on Jeju Island, Korea

A fungal internal transcribed spacer region was used to identify the mycorrhizae of Cymbidium kanran. The family Russulaceae was found to be the most frequently occurring group in both root and soil samples. In phylogenetic analyses, the majority of the Russulaceae clones were clustered with Russula brevipes and R. cyanoxantha. Therefore, C. kanran may form symbiotic relationships with the genus Russula.

Chemical constituents of higher fungus Russula foetens / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Russula foetens. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY), HR-MS, CD, and IR. Results: Eleven compounds were isolated from the fruiting bodies of R. foetens. Of which, six marasmane sesquiterpenes: 8β, 13-dihydroxy-marasm-5β-methoxy γ-acetal (1), 13-hydroxy-marasm-7(8)-en-5-methoxy γ-acetal (2), 8β, 13-dihydroxy-marasm-5-oic acid γ-lactone (3), 8β, 13, 14-trihydroxy- marasm-5-oic acid γ-lactone (4), 7, 8, 13-trihydroxy-marasm-5-oic acid γ-lactone (5), and lactapiperanol A (6); three steroids: (22E, 24R)-ergosta-7, 22-dien-3, 5, 6-triol (7), ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3-ol (8), 3-hydroxy-5, 8-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22-dien (9); and uridine (10), D-allitol (11) were identified. Conclusion: Compounds 1-4, named as russacetal, russacetalen, russunone, and russunoneol respectively, are new compounds isolated from R. foetens. Compounds 7, 8, 10, and 11 in this fungus are first reported.

Ceramides and terpenoids from Russula austrodelica Singer / Ceramidas y terpenoides desde Russula austrodelica Singer

A mixture of ceramides and known terpenes, was obtained from the fruiting bodies of Russula austrodelica. The structures were determined from chemical and spectroscopic evidence. R. austrodelica is a mycorrhizal fungus that grow in the Nothophagus forests of southern Chile. This is the first report of the isolation of ceramides in Chilean mushrooms.

Una mezcla de ceramidas y de terpenos conocidos, se obtuvo de los cuerpos fructíferos de Russula austrodelica. Las estructuras fueron determinadas a partir de evidencias químicas y espectroscópicas. R. austrodelica es un hongo micorrícico que crecen en los bosques de Nothophagus del sur de Chile. Este es el primer informe del aislamiento de ceramidas en hongos chilenos.

Delimitation of Russula Subgenus Amoenula in Korea Using Three Molecular Markers

Distinguishing individual Russula species has been difficult due to extensive phenotypic plasticity and obscure morphological and anatomical discontinuities. Due to highly similar macroscopic features, such as the presence of a red-cap, species identification within the Russula subgenus Amoenula is particularly difficult. Three species of the subgenus Amoneula have been reported in Korea. We used a combination of morphology and three molecular markers, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), and RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), for identification and study of the genetic diversity of Russula subgenus Amoenula in Korea. We identified only two species in Korea (R. mariae and R. violeipes); these two species were indistinguishable according to morphology and LSU, but were found to be reciprocally monophyletic species using ITS and RPB2. The markers, ITS, LSU, and RPB2, have been tested in the past for use as DNA barcoding markers, and findings of our study suggest that ITS and RPB2 had the best performance for the Russula subgenus Amoneula.

Observations on the Ectomycorrhizal Roots Collected from the Bases of the Basiodiocarps in Chungbuk

Various types of ectomycorrihzal root were observed from the bases of the basidiocarps collected from the four different soils of WalAk Mt., JoRyeong Mt, MinJuJi Mt. and hills near Korea National University of Education; The dichotomous ectomycorrihzal roots were mainly found to be from the interactions of the Pinus roots with the basidiocarps of Boletus and Amanita species. The black single bat-like ectomycorrihzal roots with the darken rhizomorphic mycelia were mainly found to be from the interactions of the Quercus roots with the basidiocarps of Russula species. The pyramid and the monopodial-pinnate ectomycorrihzal roots were also found to be from the interactions of the Pinus and deciduous tree roots with the basidiocarps of Russula and Boletus species. The distinguished structures of the mantle and Hartig net in the cortex layers were observed to be from the roots related to the genus of Pinus in the anatomical sections. However, the aggregated (premeated) structures of mantle and Hartig net in the cortex layer were found to be in the black and bat-like ectomycorrihzal roots. The structures of cross section in the ectomycorrihzal roots, especially the roots related to the host-plants of Pinus, were observed to be different from those according to the fungal species of the basidiocarps collected. The ectomycorrihzal root not reported or confirmed by the anatomical sections were newly found to be from the bases of the basidocarps of Amanita castanopsidis, Boletus laetissimus, B. violaceofuscus, B. speciosus, Clitopilus prunulus, Leccinum rugosiceps, Russula. alboareolata, R. bella, Strobilomyces confusus, Tylropilus neofelleus, and T. plumbeoviolaceus. From the observations mentioned above, the various types of ectomycomhzal roots were speculated to be formed between the different host plants and the different species of basidiocarps.